Linux Bonding

Linux allows binding multiple network interfaces into a single channel/NIC 

using special kernel module called bonding The Linux bonding driver provides 

a method for aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single logical

"bonded" interface

Production Linux Server Configuration

 Step #1: Create a bond0 configuration file

[root@linux703 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-

scripts/ifcfg-bond0
DEVICE=bond0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
USERCTL=no
IPADDR=10.20.30.20
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=10.20.30.0
BROADCAST=10.20.30.255
GATEWAY=10.20.30.254
[root@linux703 ~]#

Step #2: Modify eth0 and eth1 config files:

[root@linux703 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
DEVICE=eth1
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
TYPE=Ethernet

[root@linux703 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
TYPE=Ethernet

Step # 3: Load bond driver/module

[root@linux703 ~]# cat /etc/modprobe.conf
alias eth0 bnx2
alias eth1 bnx2
alias scsi_hostadapter cciss
alias usb-controller uhci-hcd
alias usb-controller1 ehci-hcd
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 mode=802.3ad miimon=100
[root@linux703 ~]#

Step # 4: Test configuration

First, load the bonding module:
# modprobe bondingRestart networking service in order to bring up bond0 interface:
# service network restart

Verify everything is working:
# less /proc/net/bonding/bond0

All About Bonding in detailed

What is bonding?
Bonding is the same as port trunking. In the following I will use the word bonding because practically we will bond interfaces as one.
But still...what is bonding?
Bonding allows you to aggregate multiple ports into a single group, effectively combining the bandwidth into a single connection. Bonding also allows you to create multi-gigabit pipes to transport traffic through the highest traffic areas of your network. For example, you can aggregate three megabits ports (1 mb each) into a three-megabits trunk port. That is equivalent with having one interface with three megabits speed.
Where should I use bonding?
You can use it wherever you need redundant links, fault tolerance or load balancing networks. It is the best way to have a high availability network segment. A very useful way to use bonding is to use it in connection with 802.1q VLAN support (your network equipment must have 802.1q protocol implemented).

This small howto will try to cover the most used bonding types. The following script (the gray area) will configure a bond interface (bond0) using two ethernet interface (eth0 and eth1). You can place it onto your on file and run it at boot time..

#!/bin/bash

modprobe bonding mode=0 miimon=100 # load bonding module

ifconfig eth0 down # putting down the eth0 interface
ifconfig eth1 down # putting down the eth1 interface

ifconfig bond0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 # changing the MAC address of the bond0 interface
ifconfig bond0 192.168.55.55 up # to set ethX interfaces as slave the bond0 must have an ip.

ifenslave bond0 eth0 # putting the eth0 interface in the slave mod for bond0
ifenslave bond0 eth1 # putting the eth1 interface in the slave mod for bond0

You can set up your bond interface according to your needs. Changing one parameters (mode=X) you can have the following bonding types:
mode=0 (balance-rr)
Round-robin policy: Transmit packets in sequential order from the first available slave through the last. This mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.

mode=1 (active-backup)
Active-backup policy: Only one slave in the bond is active. A different slave becomes active if, and only if, the active slave fails. The bond's MAC address is externally visible on only one port (network adapter) to avoid confusing the switch. This mode provides fault tolerance. The primary option affects the behavior of this mode.

mode=2 (balance-xor)
XOR policy: Transmit based on [(source MAC address XOR'd with destination MAC address) modulo slave count]. This selects the same slave for each destination MAC address. This mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.

mode=3 (broadcast)
Broadcast policy: transmits everything on all slave interfaces. This mode provides fault tolerance.

mode=4 (802.3ad)
IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation. Creates aggregation groups that share the same speed and duplex settings. Utilizes all slaves in the active aggregator according to the 802.3ad specification.

 Pre-requisites:
 1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
 the speed and duplex of each slave.
 2. A switch that supports IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link
 aggregation.
 Most switches will require some type of configuration
 to enable 802.3ad mode.

mode=5 (balance-tlb)
Adaptive transmit load balancing: channel bonding that does not require any special switch support. The outgoing traffic is distributed according to the current load (computed relative to the speed) on each slave. Incoming traffic is received by the current slave. If the receiving slave fails, another slave takes over the MAC address of the failed receiving slave.

 Prerequisite:
 Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving the
 speed of each slave.

mode=6 (balance-alb)
Adaptive load balancing: includes balance-tlb plus receive load balancing (rlb) for IPV4 traffic, and does not require any special switch support. The receive load balancing is achieved by ARP negotiation. The bonding driver intercepts the ARP Replies sent by the local system on their way out and overwrites the source hardware address with the unique hardware address of one of the slaves in the bond such that different peers use different hardware addresses for the server.

The most used are the first four mode types...

Also you can use multiple bond interface but for that you must load the bonding module as many as you need.
Presuming that you want two bond interface you must configure the /etc/modules.conf as follow:

 alias bond0 bonding
 options bond0 -o bond0 mode=0 miimon=100
 alias bond1 bonding
 options bond1 -o bond1 mode=1 miimon=100

Notes:

• To restore your slaves MAC addresses, you need to detach them from the bond (`ifenslave -d bond0 eth0'). The bonding driver will then restore the MAC addresses that the slaves had before they were enslaved.
• The bond MAC address will be the taken from its first slave device.
• Promiscous mode: According to your bond type, when you put the bond interface in the promiscous mode it will propogates the setting to the slave devices as follow:
  • for mode=0,2,3 and 4 the promiscuous mode setting is propogated to all slaves.
  • for mode=1,5 and 6 the promiscuous mode setting is propogated only to the active slave.
    For balance-tlb mode the active slave is the slave currently receiving inbound traffic, for balance-alb mode the active slave is the slave used as a "primary." and for the active-backup, balance-tlb and balance-alb modes, when the active slave changes (e.g., due to a link failure), the promiscuous setting will be propogated to the new active slave.
  
  
  
  
  Where does a bonding device get its MAC address from?
  
  
  If not explicitly configured with ifconfig, the MAC address of the bonding device is taken from its first slave device. This MAC address is then passed to all following slaves and remains persistent (even if  the the first slave is removed) until the bonding device is brought  down or reconfigured.
  If you wish to change the MAC address, you can set it with ifconfig:
  
  
                        # ifconfig bond0 ha ether 00:11:22:33:44:55
  
  
                      The MAC address can be also changed by bringing down/up the device
                      and then changing its slaves (or their order):
                     
                        # ifconfig bond0 down ; modprobe -r bonding
                        # ifconfig bond0 .... up
                        # ifenslave bond0 eth...
  
  
  This method will automatically take the address from the next slave  that will be added.
  To restore your slaves' MAC addresses, you need to detach them from the bond (`ifenslave -d bond0 eth0'), set them down (`ifconfig eth0 down'), unload the drivers (`rmmod 3c59x', for example) and reload them to get the MAC addresses from their eeproms. If the driver is shared by several devices, you need  to turn them all down. Another solution is to look for the MAC address at boot time (dmesg or tail /var/log/messages) and to reset it by hand with ifconfig :
  
  
                        # ifconfig eth0 down
                        # ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:20:40:60:80:A0